Does China really care about climate change and not only on air pollution? According to LI Yijing[i] there is no doubt. After her presentation[ii] on March 11th, 2016 at PolyU HK, she just replied “yes of course!” to my question, without any other attempt to justify her very confident answer. It is probably true that China (i) would like to be the leader in something like reducing global warming and (ii) already suffers from the adverse consequences of climate change, but it is even more convincing to observe that China faces an air pollution catastrophe and should urgently deal with it. And this is my concern.
Fighting
air pollution implies reducing SO2, one of the 6 air pollutants entering the Air
Quality Index as computed by China's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), others being ozone, lead, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and PM. It is one of the 6 major air
pollutants as listed by the EPA as well. SO2 is a gas produced from burning
coal, mainly in thermal power plants. There is scientific evidence proving that
short-term exposure to SO2 (from 5mn to 24h) causes adverse respiratory effects.
SO2 is affecting radiative forcing as
well but in a surprising way: due to a dimming effect it is actually cooling
the climate!
A recent
paper published in Nature[iii]
argue that if SO2 emissions were to go back to their 1980 level China
contribution to radiative forcing of the climate would be 13%+/- 4% instead of
the current 10+/-4%. In fact, in China, the cooling effect of SO2 (-0.11 Wm-2radiative
forcing) currently nearly compensates for the warming effect of CH4 (0.13 Wm-2radiative
forcing). This illustrates the “masking” effect of cooling aerosols
such as sulphated ones. And
China is effectively reducing these emissions. During the 10th
Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005) the MEP set a goal to reduce SO2 emissions by
10% by 2005 compared to 2000. It was not achieved, but there is a significant
decline starting after 2005 (around 10% between 2006 and 2008, according to Lu
et al. 2010)[iv], In
the same paper, authors stress that whether an air quality improvement in China
occurring through SO2 emissions reduction would imply a rise of China’s contribution
to the global radiative forcing depends on the reduction of other pollutants such
as ozone precursors and black carbon that may be co-emitted and have a warming
effect. But what I noticed[v]
is that Particulate Organic Matters are cooling the climate as well…
[ii] https://esscaeu-public.sharepoint.com/Research%20%20Activities%20%20Publications/Workshops%20on%20EU-Asia%20Relations%20in%20Global%20Politics/Papers%20-%205th%20Workshop%20on%20EU-Asian%20Energy%20&%20Climate%20Policy/3.2.LI-Yijing-China%E2%80%99s%20Policies%20and%20Actions%20for%20Addressing%20Climate%20Change.pdf
[iii] “The contribution of China’s emissions to
global climate forcing” , by Bengang Li, Thomas Gasser, Philippe
Ciais, Shilong Piao, Shu Tao, Yves Balkanski, Didier Hauglustaine, Juan-Pablo
Boisier, Zhuo Chen, Mengtian Huang,
Laurent Zhaoxin Li, Yue Li, Hongyan Liu, Junfeng Liu, Shushi Peng, Zehao Shen,
Zhenzhong Sun, Rong Wang, Tao Wang, Guodong Yin, Yi Yin, Hui Zeng, Zhenzhong
Zeng & Feng Zhou, Nature 531, p357-362
January 2016. http://www2.centre-cired.fr/Actualites/article/The-contribution-of-China-s-emissions-to-global-climate-forcing-2197?lang=fr
[iv] Lu Z, Streets D.G., Zhang Q., Wang S.,
Carmichael G.R., Cheng Y.F., Wei C., Chin M., Diehl T., and Tan Q. (2010), “Sulfur
dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since
2000”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6311-6331.